What is it about?Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease from the endocrine group.In all patients, improper absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to hormone insulin insufficiency, which can be either relative or absolute.
Should what should be food?A balanced diet, including a large amount of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low proteins and healthy fats, can help people with diabetes control blood sugar levels.
General rules of power for diabetes
Today, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most pressing problems in medicine.Statistics show that since 2013 the number of patients who were diagnosed has doubled.Currently, more than 425 million people suffer from him.Prediction, alas, is sad.It is possible that after 10-12 years the number of patients in the world will be 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease from the endocrine group.In all patients, improper absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to hormone insulin insufficiency, which can be either relative or absolute.
As a result, patients develop hyperglycemia, which is characterized by constant high blood glucose.Diabetes mellitus leads to a violation of any type of metabolism, namely carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals and water salt.
It is worth noting for which reasons the disease develops.When a person has destruction or pancreatic cells destroy, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Most often, in such a situation, the absolute lack of insulin occurs.Genetics can also play a role here, as well as various external factors - food habits, viral diseases, violating hygiene principles, etc.
With the second type diabetes, insulin resistance develops.Within this type, insulin deficiency is relative.It is characterized by continuous hyperglycemia.
Regardless of the type of disease, all patients have an increase in blood sugar.Cells lack carbohydrates due to their resistance to glucose.That is, glucose, instead of entering the cage, simply swims into the bloodstream.
Patient every patient with diabetes should adhere to a diet prescribed by the attending physician.The patient should reduce carbohydrate load by 5-7 %, the amount of fat used should increase.
Not long ago, the power supply to diabetes means a complete exception of simple carbohydrates.But today, the patient's diet is individually compiled, calculated by the KBD.From diabetics themselves you can often hear the following phrase: "With diabetes, there are no strict stops, there is only a healthy lifestyle."
The base of a diet is a glycemic index that indicates the degree of sugar absorption.
A high glycemia index has a high content of simple carbohydrates.These include cakes, jam, cookie, etc.That is, sugar is absorbed quite quickly.Croats, vegetables and fruits have a low index, namely, the absorption rate when using them decrease.This makes it possible for the pancreas to be easier to withstand the load.
Important:The patient's diet should include products whose glycemic index is below 55. Their separation occurs gradually, and blood sugar levels practically do not increase.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows how much insulin will increase after eating it.The value must be considered by each patient with diabetes in order to predict what the body's reaction to the use of a particular food will be, as well as to accurately calculate the dose of insulin as a medicine, short and prolonged.Drug injections are prescribed by a doctor after eating.
In fact, the patient is eaten, the meal will in any case come to the release of insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of so -called "insulin oscillations".The more it is, the higher the probability of resistance.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. Let's give an example.
Many of us tend to believe that fermented dairy and milk products, such as cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt, are the perfect snack.In fact, all of these products have a very high insulin index.Thus, their use forces the oscillation of the oscillation that leads to a change in the patient's emotional background, poor mood and irritability.
Below we will analyze the basis of nutrition for diabetes.
Diet for type 1 diabetes
The right balanced diet in type 1 diabetes opens the following options: to reduce the risks of strokes, attacks and heart complications, maintain normal blood glucose levels, increase immune system protective mechanisms and get rid of excess weight.Depending on the diet recommended by the attending physician, the patient will feel good.
The main rule is to check the blood glucose level, it should change within the range of 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of food are as follows:
- More than 2,000 kilocaller should not be consumed daily.
- Partial power, in small parts.At least 5 meals a day.
- There should be no pure sucrose in the diet, this will maintain a normal level of glucose.
- Most carbohydrates should be in the first half of the day.
- Absterty from late meals.
- The maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates that are included in baking, jams, cakes and honey.
- Using a Saharine.Stevia is perfect here.It is important to prioritize products with a natural composition.
- Building a graph of insulin therapy under food time.Prolonged medicine is administered before eating, a short -acting medicine - after.
- Maintaining accounting of bread units.The value of each reception should not be higher than 8 units of bread.
If the patient has a history of gastrointestinal tract diseases, he should be excluded from his salty, smoked, fatty diet (including bolts), coffee, soda, alcohol, mushrooms, canned products.In other words, one should not use what contributes to excessive secretion of enzymes, as they affect the speed of carbohydrate absorption.
For diabetics, products are divided into allowing and banning.The classification below should be taken into account when compiling a weekly menu.A competent approach will normalize blood glucose levels.Ignoring nutritionists' recommendations can lead to sad consequences.
Continuous products for type 1 diabetes:
- Prepared without yeast.For example, lava.
- Berries and fruits.For example, plums, cherries, citrus fruits, apples, pears.
- Soybean products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, oatmeal, buckwheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including soups.
- Drinks, including poorly carbonated mineral water, mousses from berries, unsaturated compounds.
- Vegetables.For example, onions, zucchini, pepper, beets, carrots.
- nuts
- Nickname coffee, sugar -free tea.
Prohibited products for type 1 diabetes:
- Soup and greasy soup.
- pasta
- Bakery.
- Cakes.
- Sweets and chocolates.
- Fast food dishes, semi -finished products.
- Alcohol A special ban is red cakes.
- Smoked, sharp, tightly salty.
- Fatty meat, in particular pork, lamb, duck.
- Thick fish.For example, mackerel.
It is important that diet products have a minimum rate of processing during their preparation.
It is advisable to eat raw vegetables and fruits, but in decoction, boiled or ripe - is also permissible.Fried food is not recommended by doctors.
If the patient plays sport, then during the intense load period, food can be adjusted, as training leads to a greater carbohydrate consumption.
To avoid a state of hyperglycemic coma, the patient in his diet is recommended to include vegetable products, which reduces blood glucose.It may be, for example, a cranberry decoction or rose tea.
Important:In the presence of a disease, the patient should adhere to an individual diet prescribed by the participating physician who participates, not general recommendations.If in a patient who does insulin, the body mass index indicates overweight, his daily calorie should be from 1200 to 1400 kcal.If there is no need for weight correction, the daily calorie level increases.
Type 2 diabetes diet
The power supply to type 2 diabetes is based on the following basics:
- Sugar -Sutututs are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should be 20 %of diet, fats - 30 %, carbohydrates - 50 %.
- Consumption of animal fats should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily degree of calories depends on how much energy the patient designs during the day as well as his weight.It is necessary to have 5 meals during the day, the dishes for which they are cooked either with steam or served in a boiled form.
Since diabetics have increased kidney sensitivity, you cannot overdo it with protein products.The diet should include those products that help improve fat metabolism.These include bran, pink flowers, vegetable oils, cereals, fermented dairy products.
To understand how effective the diet is, the patient is prescribed for blood sugar tests with a certain frequency.The first blood fence is made on an empty stomach, another in two hours.If the results differ from normal indicators, the doctor adjusts the patient's diet, and also changes the dose of the medication.
Electricity supply to type 2 diabetes does not change much with the nutritional habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Both they and others feed on small portions, but often.The recommended meal number per day is 5, they include 3 main meals, each of which is equal to 5-8 units of bread, and 2 foods equal to 1-2 units of bread.
You can't ignore breakfast, it is very important for rational foods.It is necessary to eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal is not later than an hour and a half before bedtime.After the above recommendations is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, eye lesions (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), as well as nervous system (neuropathy).
Useful products for diabetes mellitus
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, normalizes the patient's blood glucose indicators and improves blood clotting.It is advisable to use it daily.
Whole grains
Products such as whole bread with wheat, cinema seeds and brown rice prevent the development of diabetes.Normalization of blood glucose levels due to their use can be explained by a sufficient amount in their fiber composition.Since whole grains create a barrier to sugar jumps, with a special desire to eat something with a high glycemic index, you definitely need to add complex carbohydrates to the plate.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps improve cell sensitivity to insulin.This spice participates in regulating insulin levels.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, so it is recommended to use it not only for diabetics but also for hypertension.
Citrus
Anydo citrus fruits have antioxidants.They also normalize insulin levels.
nuts
Nuts contain a large amount of mono and magnesium saturated fats.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who regularly eat nuts suffer less than others from glucose jumps.
Olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.Moreover, the product regulates blood glucose levels.
FISH
Fish is the source of omega-3.These fatty acids should be a mandatory ingredient of food in diabetes.They synthesize red blood cells, as well as cell membranes, positively affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Legumes
Bisars are another stabilizer of glucose levels in the patient's blood.They practically do not have saturated fats that damage the cardiovascular system.
Green leaf
Salad leaves, spinach, all types of cabbage are the basis of diet in diabetes.Such products are low calories, but at the same time they contain a sufficient amount of useful substances.The latter includes vitamin C, beta-carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by 14 %.Recommended dosage - 106 grams per day.
Prohibited products for diabetes mellitus
Today, doctors are of the opinion that it is not necessary to strictly limit patients with diabetes to the diet.Patients can afford to eat delicious and diverse, but there are a number of products that are still recommended to adhere, not only with diabetics, but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
Some fruit
Some dried fruits and fruits provoke an increase in blood glucose.These include dried apricots, data, figs, raisins, persimmon, melon, grapes, bananas.
Transinry
Transfers are rich in dishes from a fast food menu, as well as margarine, cakes.They damage not only health but also a figure.
Semi -finished products
Semi -finished products are prepared using additives such as flavorings, stabilizers, aroma amplifiers.It is especially not recommended to buy fish sticks, cuttings, meatballs, sausages, dumplings and sausage in stores.If you really want, it is best to cook them yourself.
Fat food
Fat nutrition provokes blood sugar.Electricity supply to diabetes should not include ducks, pork, lamb, ribbon, mayonnaise and fat milk products.
Supply
Asso baking should also be excluded.It includes bread products, muffins and cookies.
Sweet
It is necessary to abandon the sugar in its pure form as well as the products that contain it in large quantities.Under the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, marmalade, halva, blockage, marmalade and other sweets.
Table no.9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the 20th century, 15 diets for diabetics and patients with other diseases were developed.Their authorization belongs to a well -known nutrition.Despite the fact that today his system is outdated, it has not lost its effectiveness, so today many doctors still use it.
A place for patients with type 2 diabetes - in 9 tables.Table no.9 is based on the same principles used today: partial or complete rejection of fast carbohydrates, special attention to proteins and fibers.
The diet can still be used, although it was created more than 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their adjustments, depending on the patient's condition.
Diet for gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a consequence of a malformation of a pregnant woman's pancreas.As a rule, this condition is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- Do not consume sugar, cakes, cakes, sdoba, fruits with a high sugar content, as well as sugar and products that contain it.
- Bu should have the following proportions - 30 %, 20 %, 50 %.
- It is necessary to drink from 1.5 to 2 liters of clean drinking water daily.
- Include starch products in the diet, including cereals, legumes, battles, beets, radishes, and fermented dairy products.
- Fresh fruits are perfect for a snack.
- The total number of meals is 5, 3 of which are the main snacks and 2.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for pending mothers.
- To reduce sugar, drink decoction from plants: celery, Linden, lilac, blueberry and beans.
- Refuse or limit caffeine to the diet.The number of tea and coffee parts should not exceed 2 daily.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main causes of diabetes in children are an inherited predisposition or a lack of rational food.In the latter case, we are talking about the abuse of simple and sweet carbohydrates.In some cases, diabetes in a child presents as a result of mental or physical trauma.Treatment is individually selected depending on the severity of the disease, the main role is played by food and the introduction of insulin, if we are talking about type 1 diabetes.
Food of children in diabetes should include vegetables: cabbage, onions, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only those that contain a minimal amount of sugar.Low -retail meat, poultry and fish are also allowed.Dairy products - provided, provided they have a low percentage of fat content.Allowed spices that increase protein absorption are acceptable.
Sweets and sweet fruits - under a strict stop.Rice is also recommended to be excluded.
Doctors who participate teach parents of their minor patients to calculate the amount of bread units and the dose of insulin.Important: The sooner the child learns to do it himself, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes mellitus
Alcohol is recommended to be strictly limited if it is not possible to completely abandon its use.How much alcohol can a patient with diabetes be caused by a patient from the attending physician.
Alcohol in a small amount is permissible, but here it is important to remember some things.
The stronger alcohol, the more calories in it.There are 710 kilocalories per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and this is not much less than in fats.Any alcoholic beverages also have energy value, it also has carbohydrates.A glass of beer is about 200 kilocalories, and a glass of wine is about 100.
Why isn't it recommended to drink alcohol?The thing is that it provokes sugar jumps and can lead to hypoglycemia, that is, to a sharp drop in glucose levels.When you drink alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organ consumes its energy in the breakdown of alcohol molecules and forgets that it should also release glucose.To prevent this from happening, it is best to take alcohol during meals or immediately after eating.
By the way, some scientists are of the opinion that alcohol in reasonable quantities not only does not harm, but also has little benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is important to remember that alcohol provokes increased glucose levels, its regular use can lead to the development of second type diabetes.
In addition, many medicines cannot be combined with alcohol.Among them are insulin and sulfonylmochevina.This combination can provoke strong hyperglycemia.
How to drink alcohol suffering from diabetes?
- Consider the calorie content of alcohol along with the usual diet.
- Prioritize low -calorie drinks in which there is few calories.
- Do not drink on an empty stomach.
- Eat alcohol.
- Check blood glucose level.
- In a company where you drink alcohol, warn of your illness.Let people be willing to provide urgent help if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and medicine.